Gaylord Road Bridge Under Design By Wmc Estimated Construction 2019
Michigan Construction's mission has always been to connect individuals with construction jobs that lead to long, meaningful careers with construction companies across the Great Lakes State. Whether your interests lie in the design, the on-site management or the hands-on work, construction companies in Michigan offer so many career options, there really is something for everyone.
One of the reasons that the construction industry is having difficultly growing its workforce is the lack of connectivity and unity across construction companies in Michigan as a whole. We're here to course-correct. Construction companies across Michigan are now teaming up with our organization and becoming official Partners of the "Michigan Construction Movement." With the help of these Partners, we're inspiring people to connect with construction jobs in Michigan like never before. Read on to find out more about the outstanding construction companies in Michigan that have joined the Michigan Construction Movement and what job openings each organization currently has available.
Michigan Construction Partner Companies
Associated Builders and Contractors, Inc. Michigan
Associated Builders and Contractors (ABC), Inc. Michigan is a statewide trade association located in Lansing, Michigan, representing the commercial and industrial construction industries. ABC works in partnership with local chapters to help solve business problems, cut costs, and stay informed on changes in the industry. ABC helps fill the need for skilled workers by offering training programs ranging from apprenticeships to high school career exploration programs to safety training.
Training Opportunities with ABC Michigan
ABC West Michigan
The ABC Western Michigan Chapter (ABC/WMC) is located in Grand Rapids, Michigan and is an affiliate of ABC. The organization firmly believes what benefits clients and the industry, supports those within it. ABC/WMC delivers a comprehensive range of programs and services, which includes education and training, professional development and networking, political advocacy, and cost-saving benefits. These value-added benefits strengthen members and provide tools for success.
ABC - Southeast Michigan (SEMCA)
The Southeast Michigan Construction Academy ( SEMCA ) is the education affiliate of the Associated Builders and Contractors Southeastern Michigan Chapter (ABC SEMI) . SEMCA offers apprenticeships that provide four years of intense and trade-specific training for electricians, carpenters, sheet metal workers, and roofers. This organization's goal is to not only train crafts professionals, but to supply skilled workers to construction companies in Michigan.
AIS Equipment
AIS Construction Equipment is the oldest "Michigan-owned and operated" heavy equipment company in the state. With locations in Grand Rapids, Lansing, Detroit, Saginaw and Traverse City, AIS sells, rents and services new and pre-owned heavy equipment from the world's most well-known and respected manufacturers. AIS also runs the AIS Heavy Equipment Technical Institute, or AIS HETI, which began operations in 1995 in Lansing. The Center provides training for a variety of jobs related to heavy equipment operation and maintenance, as well as construction site safety and health, and custom programs upon request.
AJAX Paving
Founded as a small asphalt paving company in 1951, Ajax is a leader in the road construction industry, especially in Southeast Michigan. From small paving projects for commercial, residential or governmental developments to the largest highway jobs, to airport runway reconstruction, Ajax can do it all. This company is located in Troy, Michigan, and prides itself on being a go-to resource for the biggest, most difficult jobs in Michigan and throughout the Midwest.
Job Opportunities with AJAX
All State Crane & Rigging
All State Crane & Rigging is a full-service crane-rental company located in Holland, Michigan, that outfits any jobsite of any size. From renting a specific piece of equipment to a full site-specific crane plan, All State Crane is a full-service resource with cranes, forklifts and booms available to rent and a crew of NCCCO-certified operators ready to rig safely and efficiently.
Job Opportunities with All State Crane & Rigging
Angelo Iafrate
Angelo Iafrate Construction Company is a heavy civil construction company located in Warren, Michigan specializing in site development, heavy civil, and road construction within the transportation, commercial development, automotive, and industrial markets. Iafrate places significant value in their employees, the services they provide, and their expertise.
Job Opportunities with Angelo Iafrate
Anlaan
Anlaan Corporation is a bridge contractor located in Grand Haven, Michigan, that specializes in heavy civil construction. Anlaan Corporation has a very unique expertise in bridge construction, rehabilitation, piling, sheeting and earth retention. This construction company actively pursues public, private and marine projects with qualified sub-contractors in both Michigan and Indiana. Bridge construction offers the opportunity to be part of a rewarding and safety-driven industry.
Job Opportunities with Anlaan
Asphalt Pavement Association of Michigan
The Asphalt Pavement Association of Michigan is a nonprofit trade association located in Okemos, Michigan, representing the Hot Mix Asphalt industry in Michigan. In 2005, the Boards of Directors of the Michigan Asphalt Pavement Association (MAPA) and the Michigan Pavement Association (MPA) approved the merger of their respective organizations to form the Asphalt Pavement Association of Michigan (APAM). APAM Associate members are suppliers, manufacturers, service companies related to the asphalt pavement industry and also other highway industry contractors.
Barton Malow
Barton Malow Company provides construction management, design-build, program management, general contracting, technology, and equipment installation services. Beginning as a small Detroit, Michigan contractor in 1924, Barton Malow has grown into a nationally-recognized construction company that delivers new construction, renovation and expansion projects throughout North America.
Cadillac Asphalt
Cadillac Asphalt operates nine asphalt plants including the largest liquid asphalt terminal in Michigan. Cadillac Asphalt has the capability of producing more than 600 tons of asphalt per hour at each of its plants, and access to more than 15 fully-equipped paving crews. The organization has locations in Ann Arbor, Clarkston, Detroit, Monroe, Mr. Clemens, Belleville, Romulus, Troy, Wixom and Shelby Twp. The main office is located in Farmington Hills.
C.A. Hull
Specializing in bridge construction, bridge and concrete rehabilitation, protective coatings, and other heavy civil capabilities, CA Hull is a bridge contractor located in Walled Lake, Michigan. In addition to salaried office positions, C.A. Hull employs skilled teams of union laborers, carpenters, heavy equipment operator, finishers, and painters to self-perform our work. Non-journeyman employees from any of these trades may also be placed in apprenticeship programs that offer individuals with less experience, on-the-job industry training opportunities.
Construction Specialties Inc.
Located in Holland, Michigan, Construction Specialties Inc. (CSI) is a construction company specializing in four divisions of construction: structural steel, precast concrete, pre-engineered metal buildings and light gauge metal truss erection. CSI offers in-house company training to all employees, on-the-job training, as well as third party certification for career advancement.
Job Opportunities with CSI
Consumers Concrete
Consumers Concrete Corporation began as a sand and gravel operation in 1933 but sold its sand and gravel operation in 2016 to focus on ready-mix and manufactured concrete products. Consumers Concrete Corp. now operates 22 strategically placed plants throughout West Michigan, supplying concrete for commercial, industrial, institutional, residential and transportation projects.
Job Opportunities with Consumers Concrete
C.L. Rieckhoff
Founded in 1963, C. L. Rieckhoff Co., Inc. has over 50 years of experience with the design, fabrication, and installation of metal wall and roof systems. This Michigan Construction Partner is located in Taylor Michigan. C. L. Rieckhoff Co. excels at establishing creative solutions to complicated projects through innovative and experienced design collaboration.
E.T. Mackenzie
E.T. Mackenzie was established in Grand Ledge, Michigan in 1982 but now operates out of seven states. Now known as Mackenzie Companies, the organization's capabilities include civil and structural engineering, as well as site services like surveying, land acquisition and research, environmental expertise for assessments, investigations, and related work, and bridge and concrete experts to round out their offerings. They also perform demolition, provide trucking and engineered fill and brownfield redevelopment services, making them essentially a one-stop shop for many projects. MacKenzie Companies is often seeking to hire skilled laborers, pipe layers, equipment operators, gravel train drivers, mechanics and supervisors.
Fessler Bowman
Headquartered in Flushing, Michigan, Fessler & Bowman, Inc. is a leading concrete and earthwork contractor that has grown from a residential flatwork & basement wall contractor to a top 100 Commercial Concrete Contractor recognized across the nation. Employees who work for Fessler Bowman have a broad range of ability & experience in all facets of construction projects including commercial facilities, warehouses, distribution centers, industrial facilities and municipal work.
Florence Cement
The Florence Cement Company is a local contractor performing public and private road construction in Southeastern Michigan. Based in Shelby Twp., Michigan, Florence Cement has focused on constructing and reconditioning concrete and asphalt roads in newly developed subdivisions, metropolitan and rural arterial roads, and local street rehabilitation projects for the past 51 years.
Job Opportunities with Florence Cement
G.D. Top Notch
GD Top Notch Cleaning Service Inc. is a construction cleaning company in Redford Twp. that has been providing construction cleanup for commercial properties since 1992. Owner Gale (AKA "GD") Glickoff broke barriers early on in her career, diving into a male-dominated industry with a passion for construction and entrepreneurship. GD Top Notch is now offering a Commercial Construction Cleaning Technician Certification designed to teach the art of commercial construction cleaning.
Job Opportunities with G.D. Top Notch
HYMMCO
Founded in 2003, HYMMCO provides fabricated resteel, concrete reinforcing products, concrete accessories and hand-set form rentals in Wixom, Michigan. HYMMCO uses integrated computerized estimating and shop drawings combined with many years of experience to offer you the best service our industry has to offer. HYMMCO's team of dedicated employees offer experience and knowledge in the concrete industry to meet the demands that are put on contractors.
LafargeHolcim
The LafargeHolcim family of companies offer a range of innovative cement, aggregates, asphalt and concrete products and construction services. Organized in four business segments - cement, aggregates, ready-mix concrete, and solutions and products – the company works with partners on the smallest local projects as well as some of the largest and most challenging projects in the world. Providing innovative products and building solutions committed to social and environmental sustainability, LafargeHolcim employs about 80,000 people in more than 80 countries and has a portfolio that is equally balanced between developing and mature markets.
Levy Companies
The Levy Group of Companies transforms products into lightweight aggregates, asphalt, cement, concrete, agricultural projects, and more. We recycle and deliver effective and sustainable solutions that enhance the world around us - and we have been doing so for 100 years. Levy employees proactively share ideas, combine their creativity, develop the systems, and deliver the processes to transform our products and services into innovative solutions. At Levy, it is our values – integrity, honesty, and a strong work ethic – that help shape the culture of our company.
Job Opportunities with Levy Companies
Michigan CAT
Michigan CAT is proud to represent the State of Michigan as its Caterpillar dealer. Michigan CAT sells, rents, and services heavy equipment -- primarily Caterpillar equipment -- used by the construction, forestry, and countless other industries. We sell new and used equipment such as tractors, dozers, loaders, backhoes, mini excavators, and graders. In addition to the complete Caterpillar line of products, Michigan CAT also represents Weiler paving products, Trail King trailers, Genie & JLG aerial lifts, and more. Michigan CAT Power Systems sells and rents engines, generators, and compressors. The company also offers parts and maintenance services. Our people. Our Power. Michigan CAT knows it is only as good as its people, so we equip our company with the best of the best. We could use someone like you — someone who wants to make a difference within our organization. Someone who enjoys challenges and looks for ways to make things better. Someone who wants unlimited opportunities to grow personally and professionally.
Job Opportunities with MichiganCAT
The Michigan Infrastructure and Transportation Association
The Michigan Infrastructure and Transportation Association is a statewide construction trade association located in Okemos, Michigan, that consists of over 500 Michigan companies representing construction disciplines such as road and bridge, sewer and water, utility, railroad, excavation and specialty construction. MITA represents the interests of the industry by promoting and protecting it in Washington, D.C., Lansing and at the local level through government relations. MITA's top priority is to fight for and secure adequate long-term funding for Michigan's statewide infrastructure.
M.L. Chartier
M.L. Chartier, Inc. is a full-service environmental remediation firm located in Fair Haven, Michigan, that offers a diversified group of environmental services for the management of environmental projects. M.L. Chartier, Inc. has been providing excavation and site work services for our clients since 1954 and is consistently progressing in the application of innovative technologies to meet every environmental challenge, while emphasizing quality and safety in everyday work.
Job Opportunities with M.L. Chartier
M&M Excavating
M&M Excavating specializes in projects requiring systematic project management and technologically advanced heavy equipment. Headquartered in Gaylord, Michigan, the company is building its workforce of highly skilled and well-trained professionals who work smart and put safety first. M&M performs private and public sector work and is prequalified with the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) in: highway and road building, underground utilities, wastewater treatment plants and landfills, airport construction and expansion and site development.
Job Opportunities with M & M Excavating
MDOT
The Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT) is responsible for Michigan's 9,669-mile state highway system, comprised of all M, I, and US routes. MDOT is proud to employ a diverse group of talented and innovative individuals in a wide variety of professions. MDOT also administers other state and federal transportation programs for aviation, intercity passenger services, rail freight, local public transit services, the Transportation Economic Development Fund (TEDF), and others.
Merlo Construction
Merlo Construction has evolved from a small concrete contractor into a company that can offer a vast scope of work including demolition, earthwork, utilities, concrete foundations, interior flatwork, site concrete, and curb and gutter. Located in Milford, Michigan, Merlo Construction believes in utilizing the most current construction technology, beginning with state-of-the art estimating software used during the bidding process. On every awarded project, GPS files are created in-house to be used with our GPS equipped grading equipment, which ensures both precision and accuracy.
Job Opportunities with Merlo Construction
Michigan Aggregates Association
The Michigan Aggregates Association (MAA) is a non-profit trade association founded in 1960 by a group of conscientious and environmentally concerned aggregate producers to protect and promote the interests, growth and welfare of the Michigan aggregates industry. The MAA participates proactively in the legislative process, keeping elected officials aware and well informed of the issues that significantly affect this industry and its thousands of employees. The MAA, through its active committee network, interacts with state regulatory agencies to advise them on developing regulations in a variety of areas including health and safety, land use, taxation, material specifications, land reclamation and the environment. Through its educational programs, quarterly business meetings and newsletters, the MAA keeps its members informed of critical regulatory developments.
In an effort to introduce children of all ages to the possibilities in construction, the Michigan Aggregates Association teamed up with our organization for the MI Rocks Rock! campaign, which promoted rocks and minerals that can be found across our great state of Michigan to classrooms across Michigan.
Michigan Concrete Association
The Michigan Concrete Association ( MCA) was formed in 2009 as a result of a merger between the Michigan Concrete Paving Association and the Michigan Concrete Association. The mission of the Michigan Concrete Association is to increase the use of concrete in Michigan and to further the interests of Michigan's ready mix and concrete paving industries. Today, the merged association includes over 200 members. The organization offers a number of certifications.
Michigan Paving & Materials
Michigan Paving & Materials has provided asphalt maintenance for commercial and industrial projects both large and small for over 50 years. Michigan Paving operates six asphalt plants and nine aggregate and materials locations and can produce more than 600 tons of asphalt per hour at each of its plants. The company even has access to more than 15 fully-equipped paving crews, ensuring efficiency during any size paving project.
Job Opportunities with Michigan Paving & Materials
Nagle Paving
Nagle Paving is a full-service asphalt paving company that serves shopping centers, office buildings, industrial buildings, truck terminals, subdivisions, apartment complexes, banks and restaurants. Headquartered in Novi, Nagle Paving strives to make the organizations they work with as accessible, safe and sustainable as possible, all while working quickly and affordably.
Job Opportunities with Nagle Paving
OE324
Operating Engineers 324 is a skilled trades organization in Bloomfield Twp., Michigan, that provides its members with a far-reaching network of training, diverse resources and numerous apprenticeship programs. This organization's entire mission is to produce highly skilled, safe and productive heavy equipment operators, technicians and stationary engineers.
Osborne Concrete
Osborne Concrete Co. has been supplying the Romulus-area with building supplies since 1965. Osborne Concrete had just 3 trucks and a 3 ½ yard dry batch plant to the company's name when it started, but today is thriving with 15 concrete mixer trucks and 20 gravel trains with their sister company John D Osborne Trucking.
Paragon Companies
Paragon Companies service the Waterford Twp., Michigan area with concrete and cement needs. Paragon places a heavy focus on economic and environmentally sustainable products and understands the drive for environmental conservation. Paragon works with owners, developers, government agencies, specifiers, and others on many different types of projects, such as residential and commercial structures, streets, highways, and bridges.
SME
SME has evolved into one of the leading consulting and engineering firms in the Great Lakes Megaregion, with 14 offices in Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio. Your success and SME's future are unquestionably linked. We're small enough that you won't get lost in the crowd but big enough for you to explore a variety of career options within and between our major service groups. Many of our Team Members have built and "changed careers" while remaining at SME for 15 or more years.
Job Opportunities with SME
Springfield
Located in Kingsley, Michigan, Springfield, Inc. started out as a commercial roofing company in 1985. Today, Springfield designs and installs patented innovations and customized solutions in commercial roofing, safety, energy efficiency and mechanical insulation, serving the structure envelope needs of businesses, food processors and manufacturers from Lansing to Hartford, and beyond.
Job Opportunities with Springfield
Stoneco
Stoneco has been a Michigan supplier of crushed limestone, sand, and gravel for over 100 years. Located throughout Michigan, Stoneco is constantly seeking new and better ways to take on challenges and improve for the benefit of shareholders, customers, and employees.
Superior Materials
To meet the growing demands of today's marketplace, Superior Materials offers a diverse array of specialty concrete mixes to offer the aesthetics, durability, and quality. As a ready-mix concrete supplier with 22 production facilities located in the Detroit metro area, greater Lansing, and northwestern Michigan areas, homeowners, businesses, contractors, and industrial facilities rely on Superior Materials' experience and attention to detail when it comes to concrete pumping, pouring, and placement.
Job Opportunities with Superior Materials
Team Elmer's
Team Elmer's, a family owned company since 1956, is comprised of four divisions: asphalt, excavation, concrete and crane and rigging. The Traverse City, Michigan-based company proudly employs more than 400 skilled professionals, and operates out of 14 Michigan locations.
Job Opportunities with Team Elmer's
Toebe Construction
Since 1922, Toebe Construction has been building transportation infrastructures that support Michigan's economy. Toebe serves both the public and private sectors and has extensive experience in the construction and rehabilitation of a broad array of civil transportation infrastructure. From project planning to completion, Toebe has the experience, expertise, and personnel to facilitate every phase of construction.
Job Opportunities with Toebe
Z Contractors
Z Contractors is an MDOT pre-qualified construction company established in 2010. And located in Detroit Michigan. Whether you like to tear it down or build it up, Z Contractors likely has a laborer, carpenter, finisher or operator career waiting for you. Projects range from auto test tracks, bridge demos and rehabs, to design builds, pump stations and retaining walls to fishways and more.
Posted by: corinenuffere0206947.blogspot.com
Source: https://www.michiganconstruction.com/construction-companies-in-michigan
download free slurry systems handbook pdf
Aid for drilling boreholes into the ground
This article is about fluids used when drilling a well. For fluids used with drill bits during metal working, see cutting fluid.
Barite powder used for preparation of water-based mud
In geotechnical engineering, drilling fluid, also called drilling mud, is used to aid the drilling of boreholes into the earth. Often used while drilling oil and natural gas wells and on exploration drilling rigs, drilling fluids are also used for much simpler boreholes, such as water wells. One of the functions of drilling mud is to carry cuttings out of the hole.
The three main categories of drilling fluids are: water-based muds (WBs), which can be dispersed and non-dispersed; non-aqueous muds, usually called oil-based muds (OBs); and gaseous drilling fluid, in which a wide range of gases can be used. Along with their formatives, these are used along with appropriate polymer and clay additives for drilling various oil and gas formations.
The main functions of drilling fluids include providing hydrostatic pressure to prevent formation fluids from entering into the well bore, keeping the drill bit cool and clean during drilling, carrying out drill cuttings, and suspending the drill cuttings while drilling is paused and when the drilling assembly is brought in and out of the hole. The drilling fluid used for a particular job is selected to avoid formation damage and to limit corrosion.
Types [edit]
Source: [1]
Many types of drilling fluids are used on a day-to-day basis. Some wells require different types to be used at different parts in the hole, or for some types to be used in combination with others. The various types of fluid generally fall into a few broad categories:[2]
- Air: Compressed air is pumped either down the bore hole's annular space or down the drill string itself.
- Air/water: The same as above, with water added to increase viscosity, flush the hole, provide more cooling, and/or to control dust.
- Air/polymer: A specially formulated chemical, most often referred to as a type of polymer, is added to the water and air mixture to create specific conditions. A foaming agent is a good example of a polymer.
- Water: Water by itself is sometimes used. In offshore drilling, seawater is typically used while drilling the top section of the hole.
- Water-based mud (WBM): Most basic water-based mud systems begin with water, then clays and other chemicals are incorporated into the water to create a homogeneous blend resembling something between chocolate milk and a malt (depending on viscosity). The clay is usually a combination of native clays that are suspended in the fluid while drilling, or specific types of clay that are processed and sold as additives for the WBM system. The most common of these is bentonite, frequently referred to in the oilfield as "gel." Gel likely makes reference to the fact that while the fluid is being pumped, it can be very thin and free-flowing (like chocolate milk), though when pumping is stopped, the static fluid builds a "gel" structure that resists flow. When an adequate pumping force is applied to "break the gel," flow resumes and the fluid returns to its previously free-flowing state. Many other chemicals (e.g. potassium formate) are added to a WBM system to achieve various effects, including: viscosity control, shale stability, enhance drilling rate of penetration, and cooling and lubricating of equipment.
- Oil-based mud (OBM): Oil-based mud is a mud where the base fluid is a petroleum product such as diesel fuel. Oil-based muds are used for many reasons, including increased lubricity, enhanced shale inhibition, and greater cleaning abilities with less viscosity. Oil-based muds also withstand greater heat without breaking down. The use of oil-based muds has special considerations, including cost, environmental considerations such as disposal of cuttings in an appropriate place, and the exploratory disadvantages of using oil-based mud, especially in wildcat wells. Using an oil-based mud interferes with the geochemical analysis of cuttings and cores and with the determination of API gravity because the base fluid cannot be distinguished from oil that is returned from the formation.
- Synthetic-based fluid (SBM) (Otherwise known as Low Toxicity Oil Based Mud or LTOBM): Synthetic-based fluid is a mud in which the base fluid is a synthetic oil. This is most often used on offshore rigs because it has the properties of an oil-based mud, but the toxicity of the fluid fumes are much less than an oil-based fluid. This is important when the drilling crew works with the fluid in an enclosed space such as an offshore drilling rig. Synthetic-based fluid poses the same environmental and analysis problems as oil-based fluid.
On a drilling rig, mud is pumped from the mud pits through the drill string, where it sprays out of nozzles on the drill bit, thus cleaning and cooling the drill bit in the process. The mud then carries the crushed or cut rock ("cuttings") up the annular space ("annulus") between the drill string and the sides of the hole being drilled, up through the surface casing, where it emerges back at the surface. Cuttings are then filtered out with either a shale shaker or the newer shale conveyor technology, and the mud returns to the mud pits. The mud pits let the drilled "fines" settle; the pits are also where the fluid is treated by adding chemicals and other substances.
The returning mud can contain natural gases or other flammable materials which will collect in and around the shale shaker / conveyor area or in other work areas. Because of the risk of a fire or an explosion if they ignite, special monitoring sensors and explosion-proof certified equipment is commonly installed, and workers are trained in safety precautions. The mud is then pumped back down the hole and further re-circulated. After testing, the mud is treated periodically in the mud pits to ensure there are the desired properties that optimize and improve drilling efficiency, borehole stability, and other requirements, as listed below.
Function [edit]
The main functions of a drilling mud can be summarized as follows:[1]
Remove cuttings from well [edit]
Drilling fluid carries the rock excavated by the drill bit up to the surface. Its ability to do so depends on cutting size, shape, and density, and speed of fluid traveling up the well (annular velocity). These considerations are analogous to the ability of a stream to carry sediment; large sand grains in a slow-moving stream settle to the stream bed, while small sand grains in a fast-moving stream are carried along with the water. The mud viscosity is another important property, as cuttings will settle to the bottom of the well if the viscosity is too low.
Fly Ash Absorbent for Fluids in Mud Pits
Other properties include:
- Most drilling muds are thixotropic (viscosity increase during static conditions). This characteristic keeps the cuttings suspended when the mud is not flowing during, for example, maintenance.
- Fluids that have shear thinning and elevated viscosities are efficient for hole cleaning.
- Higher annular velocity improves cutting transport. Transport ratio (transport velocity / lowest annular velocity) should be at least 50%.
- High density fluids may clean holes adequately even with lower annular velocities (by increasing the buoyancy force acting on cuttings). But may have a negative impact if mud weight is in excess of that needed to balance the pressure of surrounding rock (formation pressure), so mud weight is not usually increased for hole cleaning purposes.
- Higher rotary drill-string speeds introduce a circular component to annular flow path. This helical flow around the drill-string causes drill cuttings near the wall, where poor hole cleaning conditions occur, to move into higher transport regions of the annulus. Increased rotation is the one of the best methods for increasing hole cleaning in high angle and horizontal wells.
Suspend and release cuttings [edit]
Source:[1]
- Must suspend drill cuttings, weight materials and additives under a wide range of conditions.
- Drill cuttings that settle can cause bridges and fill, which can cause stuck-pipe and lost circulation.
- Weight material that settles is referred to as sag, this causes a wide variation in the density of well fluid, this more frequently occurs in high angle and hot wells.
- High concentrations of drill solids are detrimental to:
- Drilling efficiency (it causes increased mud weight and viscosity, which in turn increases maintenance costs and increased dilution)
- Rate of Penetration (ROP) (increases horsepower required to circulate)
- Mud properties that are suspended must be balanced with properties in cutting removal by solids control equipment
- For effective solids controls, drill solids must be removed from mud on the 1st circulation from the well. If re-circulated, cuttings break into smaller pieces and are more difficult to remove.
- Conduct a test to compare the sand content of mud at flow line and suction pit (to determine whether cuttings are being removed).
Control formation pressures [edit]
Source:[1]
- If formation pressure increases, mud density should also be increased to balance pressure and keep the wellbore stable. The most common weighting material is barite. Unbalanced formation pressures will cause an unexpected influx (also known as a kick) of formation fluids in the wellbore possibly leading to a blowout from pressured formation fluids.
- Hydrostatic pressure = density of drilling fluid * true vertical depth * acceleration of gravity. If hydrostatic pressure is greater than or equal to formation pressure, formation fluid will not flow into the wellbore.
- Well control means no uncontrollable flow of formation fluids into the wellbore.
- Hydrostatic pressure also controls the stresses caused by tectonic forces, these may make wellbores unstable even when formation fluid pressure is balanced.
- If formation pressure is subnormal, air, gas, mist, stiff foam, or low density mud (oil base) can be used.
- In practice, mud density should be limited to the minimum necessary for well control and wellbore stability. If too great it may fracture the formation.
Seal permeable formations [edit]
Source:[1]
- Mud column pressure must exceed formation pressure, in this condition mud filtrate invades the formation, and a filter cake of mud is deposited on the wellbore wall.
- Mud is designed to deposit thin, low permeability filter cake to limit the invasion.
- Problems occur if a thick filter cake is formed; tight hole conditions, poor log quality, stuck pipe, lost circulation and formation damage.
- In highly permeable formations with large bore throats, whole mud may invade the formation, depending on mud solids size;
- Use bridging agents to block large opening, then mud solids can form seal.
- For effectiveness, bridging agents must be over the half size of pore spaces / fractures.
- Bridging agents (e.g. calcium carbonate, ground cellulose).
- Depending on the mud system in use, a number of additives can improve the filter cake (e.g. bentonite, natural & synthetic polymer, asphalt and gilsonite).
Maintain wellbore stability [edit]
Source:[1]
- Chemical composition and mud properties must combine to provide a stable wellbore. Weight of the mud must be within the necessary range to balance the mechanical forces.
- Wellbore instability = sloughing formations, which can cause tight hole conditions, bridges and fill on trips (same symptoms indicate hole cleaning problems).
- Wellbore stability = hole maintains size and cylindrical shape.
- If the hole is enlarged, it becomes weak and difficult to stabilize, resulting in problems such as low annular velocities, poor hole cleaning, solids loading and poor formation evaluation
- In sand and sandstones formations, hole enlargement can be accomplished by mechanical actions (hydraulic forces & nozzles velocities). Formation damage is reduced by conservative hydraulics system. A good quality filter cake containing bentonite is known to limit bore hole enlargement.
- In shales, mud weight is usually sufficient to balance formation stress, as these wells are usually stable. With water base mud, chemical differences can cause interactions between mud & shale that lead to softening of the native rock. Highly fractured, dry, brittle shales can be extremely unstable (leading to mechanical problems).
- Various chemical inhibitors can control mud / shale interactions (calcium, potassium, salt, polymers, asphalt, glycols and oil – best for water sensitive formations)
- Oil (and synthetic oil) based drilling fluids are used to drill most water sensitive Shales in areas with difficult drilling conditions.
- To add inhibition, emulsified brine phase (calcium chloride) drilling fluids are used to reduce water activity and creates osmotic forces to prevent adsorption of water by Shales.
Minimizing formation damage [edit]
Source:[1]
- Skin damage or any reduction in natural formation porosity and permeability (washout) constitutes formation damage
- skin damage is the accumulation of residuals on the perforations and that causes a pressure drop through them.
- Most common damage;
- Mud or drill solids invade the formation matrix, reducing porosity and causing skin effect
- Swelling of formation clays within the reservoir, reduced permeability
- Precipitation of solids due to mixing of mud filtrate and formations fluids resulting in the precipitation of insoluble salts
- Mud filtrate and formation fluids form an emulsion, reducing reservoir porosity
- Specially designed drill-in fluids or workover and completion fluids, minimize formation damage.
Cool, lubricate, and support the bit and drilling assembly [edit]
Source:[1]
- Heat is generated from mechanical and hydraulic forces at the bit and when the drill string rotates and rubs against casing and wellbore.
- Cool and transfer heat away from source and lower to temperature than bottom hole.
- If not, the bit, drill string and mud motors would fail more rapidly.
- Lubrication based on the coefficient of friction.("Coefficient of friction" is how much friction on side of wellbore and collar size or drill pipe size to pull stuck pipe) Oil- and synthetic-based mud generally lubricate better than water-based mud (but the latter can be improved by the addition of lubricants).
- Amount of lubrication provided by drilling fluid depends on type & quantity of drill solids and weight materials + chemical composition of system.
- Poor lubrication causes high torque and drag, heat checking of the drill string, but these problems are also caused by key seating, poor hole cleaning and incorrect bottom hole assemblies design.
- Drilling fluids also support portion of drill-string or casing through buoyancy. Suspend in drilling fluid, buoyed by force equal to weight (or density) of mud, so reducing hook load at derrick.
- Weight that derrick can support limited by mechanical capacity, increase depth so weight of drill-string and casing increase.
- When running long, heavy string or casing, buoyancy possible to run casing strings whose weight exceed a rig's hook load capacity.
Transmit hydraulic energy to tools and bit [edit]
Source:[1]
- Hydraulic energy provides power to mud motor for bit rotation and for MWD (measurement while drilling) and LWD (logging while drilling) tools. Hydraulic programs base on bit nozzles sizing for available mud pump horsepower to optimize jet impact at bottom well.
- Limited to:
- Pump horsepower
- Pressure loss inside drillstring
- Maximum allowable surface pressure
- Optimum flow rate
- Drill string pressure loses higher in fluids of higher densities, plastic viscosities and solids.
- Low solids, shear thinning drilling fluids such as polymer fluids, more efficient in transmit hydraulic energy.
- Depth can be extended by controlling mud properties.
- Transfer information from MWD & LWD to surface by pressure pulse.
Ensure adequate formation evaluation [edit]
Source:[1]
- Chemical and physical mud properties as well as wellbore conditions after drilling affect formation evaluation.
- Mud loggers examine cuttings for mineral composition, visual sign of hydrocarbons and recorded mud logs of lithology, ROP, gas detection or geological parameters.
- Wireline logging measure – electrical, sonic, nuclear and magnetic resonance.
- Potential productive zone are isolated and performed formation testing and drill stem testing.
- Mud helps not to disperse of cuttings and also improve cutting transport for mud loggers determine the depth of the cuttings originated.
- Oil-based mud, lubricants, asphalts will mask hydrocarbon indications.
- So mud for drilling core selected base on type of evaluation to be performed (many coring operations specify a bland mud with minimum of additives).
Control corrosion (in acceptable level) [edit]
Source:[1]
- Drill-string and casing in continuous contact with drilling fluid may cause a form of corrosion.
- Dissolved gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide) cause serious corrosion problems;
- Cause rapid, catastrophic failure
- May be deadly to humans after a short period of time
- Low pH (acidic) aggravates corrosion, so use corrosion coupons[ clarification needed ] to monitor corrosion type, rates and to tell correct chemical inhibitor is used in correct amount.
- Mud aeration, foaming and other O2 trapped conditions cause corrosion damage in short period time.
- When drilling in high H2S, elevated the pH fluids + sulfide scavenging chemical (zinc).
Facilitate cementing and completion [edit]
Source:[1]
- Cementing is critical to effective zone and well completion.
- During casing run, mud must remain fluid and minimize pressure surges so fracture induced lost circulation does not occur.
- Temperature of water used for cement must be within tolerance of cementers performing task, usually 70 degrees, most notably in winter conditions.
- Mud should have thin, slick filter cake, with minimal solids in filter cake, wellbore with minimal cuttings, caving or bridges will prevent a good casing run to bottom. Circulate well bore until clean.
- To cement and completion operation properly, mud displace by flushes and cement. For effectiveness;
- Hole near gauges, use proper hole cleaning techniques, pumping sweeps at TD, and perform wiper trip to shoe.
- Mud low viscosity, mud parameters should be tolerant of formations being drilled, and drilling fluid composition, turbulent flow - low viscosity high pump rate, laminar flow - high viscosity, high pump rate.
- Mud non progressive gel strength[ clarification needed ]
Minimize impact on environment [edit]
Unlined drilling fluid sumps were commonplace before the environmental consequences were recognized.
Source:[1]
Mud is, in varying degrees, toxic. It is also difficult and expensive to dispose of it in an environmentally friendly manner. A Vanity Fair article described the conditions at Lago Agrio, a large oil field in Ecuador where drillers were effectively unregulated.[3]
Water based drilling fluid has very little toxicity, made from water, bentonite and barite, all clay from mining operations, usually found in Wyoming and in Lunde, Telemark. There are specific chemicals that can be used in water based drilling fluids that alone can be corrosive and toxic, such as hydrochloric acid. However, when mixed into water based drilling fluids, hydrochloric acid only decreases the pH of the water to a more manageable level. Caustic (sodium hydroxide), anhydrous lime, soda ash, bentonite, barite and polymers are the most common chemicals used in water based drilling fluids. Oil Base Mud and synthetic drilling fluids can contain high levels of benzene, and other chemicals
Most common chemicals added to OBM Muds:
- Barite
- Bentonite
- Diesel
- Emulsifiers
- Water
Composition of drilling mud [edit]
Source: [4]
Water-based drilling mud most commonly consists of bentonite clay (gel) with additives such as barium sulfate (barite), calcium carbonate (chalk) or hematite. Various thickeners are used to influence the viscosity of the fluid, e.g. xanthan gum, guar gum, glycol, carboxymethylcellulose, polyanionic cellulose (PAC), or starch. In turn, deflocculants are used to reduce viscosity of clay-based muds; anionic polyelectrolytes (e.g. acrylates, polyphosphates, lignosulfonates (Lig) or tannic acid derivates such as Quebracho) are frequently used. Red mud was the name for a Quebracho-based mixture, named after the color of the red tannic acid salts; it was commonly used in the 1940s to 1950s, then was made obsolete when lignosulfonates became available. Other components are added to provide various specific functional characteristics as listed above. Some other common additives include lubricants, shale inhibitors, fluid loss additives (to control loss of drilling fluids into permeable formations). A weighting agent such as barite is added to increase the overall density of the drilling fluid so that sufficient bottom hole pressure can be maintained thereby preventing an unwanted (and often dangerous) influx of formation fluids
Factors influencing drilling fluid performance [edit]
Some factors affecting drilling fluid performance are:[5]
- Fluid Rheology[6]
- The change of drilling fluid viscosity
- The change of drilling fluid density
- The change of mud pH
- Corrosion or fatigue of the drill string[7]
- Thermal stability of the drilling fluid[8]
- Differential sticking
Drilling mud classification [edit]
They are classified based on their fluid phase, alkalinity, dispersion and the type of chemicals used.
Dispersed systems [edit]
- Freshwater mud: Low pH mud (7.0–9.5) that includes spud, bentonite, natural, phosphate treated muds, organic mud and organic colloid treated mud. high pH mud example alkaline tannate treated muds are above 9.5 in pH.
- Water based drilling mud that represses hydration and dispersion of clay – There are 4 types: high pH lime muds, low pH gypsum, seawater and saturated salt water muds.
Non-dispersed systems [edit]
- Low solids mud: These muds contain less than 3–6% solids by volume and weight less than 9.5 lbs/gal. Most muds of this type are water-based with varying quantities of bentonite and a polymer.
- Emulsions: The two types used are oil in water (oil emulsion muds) and water in oil (invert oil emulsion muds).
- Oil based mud: Oil based muds contain oil as the continuous phase and water as a contaminant, and not an element in the design of the mud. They typically contain less than 5% (by volume) water. Oil-based muds are usually a mixture of diesel fuel and asphalt, however can be based on produced crude oil and mud
Mud engineer [edit]
"Mud engineer" is the name given to an oil field service company individual who is charged with maintaining a drilling fluid or completion fluid system on an oil and/or gas drilling rig.[9] This individual typically works for the company selling the chemicals for the job and is specifically trained with those products, though independent mud engineers are still common. The role of the mud engineer, or more properly drilling fluids engineer, is very critical to the entire drilling operation because even small problems with mud can stop the whole operations on rig. The internationally accepted shift pattern at off-shore drilling operations is personnel (including mud engineers) work on a 28-day shift pattern, where they work for 28 continuous days and rest the following 28 days. In Europe this is more commonly a 21-day shift pattern.
In offshore drilling, with new technology and high total day costs, wells are being drilled extremely fast. Having two mud engineers makes economic sense to prevent down time due to drilling fluid difficulties. Two mud engineers also reduce insurance costs to oil companies for environmental damage that oil companies are responsible for during drilling and production. A senior mud engineer typically works in the day, and a junior mud engineer at night.
The cost of the drilling fluid is typically about 10% (may vary greatly) of the total cost of drilling a well, and demands competent mud engineers. Large cost savings result when the mud engineer and fluid performs adequately.
The mud engineer is not to be confused with mudloggers, service personnel who monitor gas from the mud and collect well bore samples.
Compliance engineer [edit]
The compliance engineer is the most common name for a relatively new position in the oil field, emerging around 2002 due to new environmental regulations on synthetic mud in the United States. Previously, synthetic mud was regulated the same as water-based mud and could be disposed of in offshore waters due to low toxicity to marine organisms. New regulations restrict the amount of synthetic oil that can be discharged. These new regulations created a significant burden in the form of tests needed to determine the "ROC" or retention on cuttings, sampling to determine the percentage of crude oil in the drilling mud, and extensive documentation. No type of oil/synthetic based mud (or drilled cuttings contaminated with OBM/SBM) may be dumped in the North Sea. Contaminated mud must either be shipped back to shore in skips or processed on the rigs.
A new monthly toxicity test is also now performed to determine sediment toxicity, using the amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus. Various concentrations of the drilling mud are added to the environment of captive L. plumulosus to determine its effect on the animals.[10] The test is controversial for two reasons:
- These animals are not native to many of the areas regulated by them, including the Gulf of Mexico
- The test has a very large standard deviation, and samples that fail badly may pass easily upon retesting[11]
See also [edit]
- Directional drilling
- Driller (oil)
- Drilling fluid decanter centrifuge
- Drilling rig
- Formation evaluation
- Landfarming
- Mud Gas Separator
- Mud systems
- MWD (measurement while drilling)
- Oil well control
- Roughneck
- Underbalanced drilling
References [edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Petroleum Engineering Handbook, Volume II: Drilling Engineering. Society of Petroleum Engineers. 2007. pp. 90–95. ISBN978-1-55563-114-7.
- ^ Oilfield Glossary
- ^ Langewiesche, William. "Jungle Law". The Hive . Retrieved 2017-08-28 .
- ^ Rabia, Hussain (1986). Oilwell Drilling Engineering : Principles and Practice. Springer. pp. 106–111. ISBN0860106616.
- ^ "According the change of drilling fluid to understand under well condition". Drilling Mud Cleaning System. 27 December 2012. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
- ^ Clark, Peter E. (1995-01-01). "Drilling Mud Rheology and the API Recommended Measurements". SPE Production Operations Symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi:10.2118/29543-MS. ISBN9781555634483.
- ^ CJWinter. "The Advantages Of Cold Root Rolling". www.cjwinter.com . Retrieved 2017-08-28 .
- ^ "10 Tips To Improve Drilling Fluid Performance" (PDF). Drilling Contractor . Retrieved 2017-08-28 .
- ^ Moore, Rachel (2017-07-05). "How to become a mud engineer". Career Trend.
- ^ "Methods for Assessing the Chronic Toxicity of Marine and Estuarine Sediment-associated Contaminants with the Amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus—First Edition". U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original on 15 April 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2014.
- ^ Orszulik, Stefan (2016-01-26). Environmental Technology in the Oil Industry. Springer. ISBN9783319243344.
Further reading [edit]
- ASME Shale Shaker Committee (2005). The Drilling Fluids Processing Handbook. ISBN 0-7506-7775-9.
- Kate Van Dyke (1998). Drilling Fluids, Mud Pumps, and Conditioning Equipment.
- G. V. Chilingarian & P. Vorabutr (1983). Drilling and Drilling Fluids.
- G. R. Gray, H. C. H. Darley, & W. F. Rogers (1980). The Composition and Properties of Oil Well Drilling Fluids.
- DCS Shale Shaker SUPPLIER. The Drilling Fluids cleaning system.
Posted by: corinenuffere0206947.blogspot.com
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling_fluid
cricket batting tips pdf free download
Cricket delivery
Bowling, in cricket, is the action of propelling the ball toward the wicket defended by a batsman. A player skilled at bowling is called a bowler;[1] a bowler who is also a competent batter is known as an all-rounder. Bowling the ball is distinguished from throwing the ball by a strictly specified biomechanical definition, which restricts the angle of extension of the elbow.[2] A single act of bowling the ball towards the batsman is called a ball or a delivery. Bowlers bowl deliveries in sets of six, called an over. Once a bowler has bowled an over, a teammate will bowl an over from the other end of the pitch.[3] The Laws of Cricket govern how a ball must be bowled.[4] If a ball is bowled illegally, an umpire will rule it a no-ball.[5] If a ball is bowled too wide of the striker for the batsman to be able to play at it with a proper cricket shot, the bowler's end umpire will rule it a wide.[6]
There are different types of bowlers, from fast bowlers, whose primary weapon is pace, through swing and seam bowlers who try to make the ball deviate in its course through the air or when it bounces,[7] to slow bowlers, who will attempt to deceive the batter with a variety of flight and spin. A spin bowler usually delivers the ball quite slowly and puts spin on the ball, causing it to turn at an angle while bouncing off the pitch.[8]
A team can be said to have elected to "have a bowl" when it wins the coin toss and chooses to field.[9]
History [edit]
Pakistani Shoaib Akhtar holds the world record for delivering the fastest ball (161.3 km/h (100.2 mph)).[10]
In the early days of cricket, underarm bowling was the only method employed. Many theories exist about the origins of cricket. One suggests that the game began among shepherds hitting a stone or a ball of wool with their crooks and, at the same time, defending the wicket gate into the sheep-fold (from Anglo Saxon 'cricce', a crooked staff). A second theory suggests the name came from a low stool known as a 'cricket' in England, which from the side looked like the long, low wicket used in the early days of the game (originally from the Flemish 'krickstoel', a low stool on which parishioners knelt in church). There is also a reference to 'criquet' in North-East France in 1478 and evidence that the game evolved in South-East England in the Middle Ages.
In 1706 William Goldwyn published the first description of the game. He wrote that two teams were first seen carrying their curving bats to the venue, choosing a pitch and arguing over the rules to be played. They pitched two sets of wickets, each with a "milk-white" bail perched on two stumps; toss a coin for first knock, the umpire called "play" and the "leathern orb" was bowled. They had four-ball overs, the umpires leant on their staves (which the batters had to touch to complete a run), and the scorers sat on a mound making notches.
The first written "Laws of Cricket" were drawn up in 1744. They stated, "the principals shall choose from amongst the gentlemen present two umpires who shall absolutely decide all disputes. The stumps must be 22 inches high and the bail across them six inches. The ball must be between 5 & 6 ounces, and the two sets of stumps 22 yards apart". There were no limits on the shape or size of the bat. It appears that 40 notches was viewed as a very big score, probably due to the bowlers bowling quickly at shins unprotected by pads. The world's first cricket club was formed in Hambledon in the 1760s and the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) was founded in 1787.
During the 1760s and 1770s it became common to pitch the ball through the air, rather than roll it along the ground. This innovation gave bowlers the weapons of length, deception through the air, plus increased pace. It also opened new possibilities for spin and swerve. In response, batters had to master timing and shot selection. One immediate consequence was the replacement of the curving bat with the straight one. All of this raised the premium on skill and lessened the influence of rough ground and brute force. It was in the 1770s that the modern game began to take shape. The weight of the ball was limited to between five and a half and five and three-quarter ounces, and the width of the bat to four inches. The latter ruling followed an innings by a batter called Thomas "Daddy" White, who appeared with a bat the width of the wicket. In 1774, the first leg before law was published. Also around this time, a third stump became commonplace. By 1780, the duration of a first-class cricket match was generally three days, and this year also saw the creation of the first six-seam cricket ball. In 1788, the MCC published its first revision of the laws, which prohibited charging down an opponent and also provided for mowing and covering the wicket to standardise conditions. The desire for standardisation reflected the massive increase in the popularity of cricket during the 18th century. Between 1730 and 1740, 150 cricket matches were recorded in the papers of the time. Between 1750 and 1760, this figure rose to 230, and between 1770 and 1790 over 500.
The 19th century saw a series of significant changes. Wide deliveries were outlawed in 1811. The circumference of the ball was specified for the first time in 1838 (its weight had been dictated 60 years earlier). Pads, made of cork, became available for the first time in 1841, and these were further developed following the invention of vulcanised rubber, which was also used to introduce protective gloves in 1848. In the 1870s, boundaries were introduced – previously, all hits had to be run; if the ball went into the crowd, the spectators would clear a way for the fieldsman to fetch it. The biggest change, however, was in how the ball was delivered by the bowler.
At the start of the century, all bowlers were still delivering the ball under-arm. However, so the story goes, John Willes became the first bowler to use a "round-arm" technique after practising with his sister Christina, who had used the technique, as she was unable to bowl underarm due to her wide dress impeding her delivery of the ball.[11]
The round-arm action came to be employed widely in matches but was quickly determined to be illegal and banned by the MCC, who stated that "the ball must be delivered underhand, not thrown or jerked, with the hand underneath the elbow at the time of delivering the ball".[12] When it was accepted the rules stated that the arm could not be raised above the shoulder. It was quickly found, however, that a raised arm imparted more accuracy and generated more bounce than the roundarm method. Again, the governing body banned the method. It was not until the method was finally accepted by the MCC in 1835[13] that it grew rapidly in popularity amongst all players. Underarm bowling hitherto had almost disappeared from the game.
Modern-day underarm bowling [edit]
An infamous "underarm bowling incident" occurred during a match in 1981, in which the Australian bowler, Trevor Chappell, took advantage of the fact that underarm bowling was still legal by rolling the ball along the ground. By doing so he avoided the possibility that the New Zealand batsman, Brian McKechnie, would score a six from the last ball to tie the match, as the bat would not be able to hit the ball high enough to score a six.[14]
As a result of this incident underarm bowling was subsequently made illegal in all grades of cricket, except by prior agreement of both teams, as it was not considered to be within the spirit of the game.
The bowling action [edit]
The typical bowling action of a fast bowler.
Bowling the ball is distinguished from simply throwing the ball by a strictly specified biomechanical definition.
Originally, this definition said that the elbow joint must not straighten out during the bowling action. Bowlers generally hold their elbows fully extended and rotate the arm vertically about the shoulder joint to impart velocity to the ball, releasing it near the top of the arc. Flexion at the elbow is not allowed, but any extension of the elbow was deemed to be a throw and would be liable to be called a no-ball. This was thought to be possible only if the bowler's elbow was originally held in a slightly flexed position.
In 2005, this definition was deemed to be physically impossible by a scientific investigative commission. Biomechanical studies that showed that almost all bowlers extend their elbows somewhat throughout the bowling action, because the stress of swinging the arm around hyperextends the elbow joint. A guideline was introduced to allow extensions or hyperextensions of angles up to 15 degrees before deeming the ball illegally thrown.
Bowling actions are typically divided into side on and front on actions. In the side on action, the back foot lands parallel to the bowling crease and the bowler aims at the wicket by looking over his front shoulder. In the front on action, the back foot lands pointing down the pitch and the bowler aims at the wicket by looking inside the line of his front arm. Many bowlers operate with a mid-way action with the back foot landing at roughly 45 degrees and the upper body aligned somewhere between side on and front on. This differs from a mixed action, which mixes distinct elements of both side on and front on actions, and is generally discouraged amongst young bowlers as it can lead to problems in later life due to the twisting of the back inherent in the action.
Goals of bowling [edit]
In a game of cricket, the ultimate priority of the fielding side is to restrict the total number of runs scored by the batting side, and the actions of the bowlers will be fundamental to achieving this objective. The primary means of achieving this is by dismissing the batting side by getting all ten of the opposition wickets as quickly as possible. A secondary objective will be to keep the batting side's run rate as low as possible. In fact, in most forms of cricket, the twin aims of the fielding side are targeted concurrently, as the achievement of one aim tends to have a positive effect upon the other. Taking regular opposition wickets will remove the better batsmen from the crease, typically leading to a slowing of the scoring rate. Conversely, slowing the scoring rate can put additional pressure on the batsmen and force them into taking extra risks, which will often lead to wickets.
Depending upon the format of the match, these two strategies will be given different weights. In an unlimited, timed or declaration match, the main aim of the bowling attack will be to take wickets, so attacking bowling and fielding strategies will be used. In a limited overs match, this aim will also be supplemented by the secondary need to prevent the batting side from scoring quickly, so more defensive strategies will be used. In general, the shorter the number of overs per side, the more priority will be given to this secondary target of maintaining a low run-rate. It is also highly probable that the need for attacking or defensive strategies can switch frequently as a cricket match progresses. It is the sign of a good cricket captain to be able to tell which strategy is most appropriate in any set of circumstances and the best way of implementing it.
Bowling tactics [edit]
Jim Allenby in midflight, illustrating the position of the body during a delivery at the end of a run up, prior to bowling the ball.
The simultaneous twin objectives of bowling are to take wickets and prevent run scoring opportunities. Both objectives are achieved through the underlying aim of bowling the ball in such a way that the batsman is unable to connect with the ball in the middle of the bat and control its movement after contact. There are three distinct means of achieving this aim: by bowling the ball on a good line and length, by bowling with sufficient pace that the batsman struggles to react to the delivery, or by bowling the ball in such a way that it has lateral movement as it approaches the batsman, either in the air or off the ground. A good bowler may be able to combine two of these skills, a truly great bowler may be able to combine all three.
Line and length [edit]
The fundamental skill of bowling on a good length incorporates the ability to pitch the ball such a distance from the batsman that he is unable to move forward and drive the ball on the half volley, and is also unable to step back and play the ball on the back foot. This removes many of the batsman's attacking options, and also increases the probability of him misjudging a delivery and losing his wicket. A good length delivery is one in which the ball has had sufficient time to move far enough off the pitch to beat the bat but the batsman has not had time to react to the movement and adjust his shot. The faster the bowler and the greater the movement he is able to generate, the larger the area of the pitch that can be designated an effective "good" length.
Other areas of the pitch may also often be used as a variation to a good length delivery. Primarily these are the yorker, in which the ball is bowled directly at the batsman's feet as a surprise delivery intended to dismiss the batsman bowled, and the bouncer in which the ball is bowled on such a short length that it rises towards the batsman's throat or head as a means of physical intimidation. But the height of an attempted yorker or full toss must not be higher than the batsman's waist, or else it will be called a no-ball beamer, which could have bowlers banned from the match.
The line a bowler chooses to bowl will depend on several factors: the movement he is generating on the ball, the shots the batsman is able to play, and the field the captain has set. The two most common tactics are to either bowl directly at the stumps, or to bowl 3 inches to 6 inches outside the line of off stump. Bowling at the stumps is an attacking tactic with the intention of dismissing the batsman bowled or lbw. It can also be used as a defensive tactic, as the batsman will feel less able to play risky shots knowing that he will be dismissed should he miss the ball. Bowling outside off stump is known as the corridor of uncertainty. When done well, this line may confuse the batsman into whether to defend the ball or leave it, and may tempt him to play away from his body with his head not in line with the ball. The main aim of this tactic is to dismiss the batman caught by the wicketkeeper or in the slips. Other bowling variations, such as bowling wide of off stump or bowling at leg stump are generally seen as negative and defensive tactics.
Some different types of bowling tactic:
- Bodyline
- Leg theory
- Off theory
Pace and movement [edit]
Other than the ability to land the ball on a strategically optimum line and length, the main weapons of the bowler are his ability to move the ball sideways as it approaches the batsman and his ability to deliver the ball at a high velocity.
The velocities of cricket bowlers vary between 40 and 100 mph (64 and 161 km/h). In professional cricket, a bowler in the 40–60 mph range would be said to be a slow bowler, in the 60–80 mph range a medium pace bowler, and a bowler 80 mph+ a fast bowler. In the amateur game, these distinctions would be approximately 10 mph slower. Many professional fast bowlers are able to reach speeds of over 85 mph, with a handful of bowlers in the world able to bowl at 95 mph+. The ability to react to a cricket ball travelling at 85 mph is a skill that only professional and high level amateur cricketers possess. The pace of a bowler not only challenges the reaction speed of the batsman, but also his physical courage. Fast bowlers are able to exploit this by bowling bouncers, either regularly or as an occasional surprise delivery.
Bowlers are also able to get the ball to move sideways by using either spin or swing. Adding a spin to a cricket ball will make it deviate due to the Magnus effect in its flight, and then produce sideways movement off the ground. Swing is obtained by using air pressure differences caused by angling the seam of the cricket ball to produce a lateral movement in the air. Fast bowlers will generally only use swing to obtain movement, but medium pace and slow bowlers will often use a combination of the two. The intention is that in creating movement in the delivery, the batsman will misjudge the line of the ball as it arrives, causing him to miss it entirely, in which case he may be dismissed bowled or lbw, or miss-hit it, in which case he may be out caught.
To avoid becoming predictable, a bowler will typically bowl a variety of different deliveries with different combinations of pace and movement. A tactically astute bowler may be able to spot a potential weakness in a batsman that a particular delivery may be able to exploit. Bowlers will often also bowl deliveries in preplanned sets, with the intention of dismissing the batsman with the final delivery in the set. This is known as "setting a trap" for the batsman.[15] Batsmen and bowlers will often also engage in a game of "cat and mouse", in which the bowler varies his tactics to try and trap and dismiss the batsman, but the batsman also keeps adjusting his tactics in response.
Limited overs [edit]
In limited overs cricket, there is a limitation on the number of overs each bowler can bowl. This number depends on the match length, and is usually 20% of the total overs in the innings. For example, the usual limit for twenty-over cricket is four overs per bowler, for forty-over cricket eight per bowler and for fifty-over cricket ten per bowler. There is, however, no limit on the number of overs each bowler may bowl in first-class cricket matches, except that no two overs can be bowled consecutively thus restricting any one bowler from a maximum of 50% (plus 1 over) of each innings total. The rule also applies in terms of breaks within a Test innings (Drinks, Lunch and Tea breaks, end of day and beginning of next day). The rule can only be broken if one finishes the end of the previous match starts the next match.
See also [edit]
- Glossary of cricket terms
- Throwing
- Bowling machine
- Fielding
- Batting
- Over
- Pitch – throwing a baseball
References [edit]
- ^ "Terms | Cricket Web". www.cricketweb.net . Retrieved 31 August 2020.
- ^ "International Cricket Council". www.icc-cricket.com . Retrieved 31 August 2020.
- ^ "Glossary of cricket terms & sayings". www.wandererscricket.com . Retrieved 31 August 2020.
- ^ "Laws of Cricket: Law 42 (Fair and unfair play)". Lords.org. Archived from the original on 5 January 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
- ^ "Laws of Cricket: Law 24 (No ball)". Lords.org. Archived from the original on 27 December 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
- ^ "Laws of Cricket: Law 25 (Wide ball)". Lords.org. Archived from the original on 24 November 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
- ^ admin. "The Different Types Of Fast Bowlers In Cricket Explained!". Cricketers Hub . Retrieved 31 August 2020.
- ^ "SPIN BOWLER | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary". dictionary.cambridge.org . Retrieved 31 August 2020.
- ^ Omnisport (16 November 2017). "Memorable Ashes Moments: 'We're gonna have a bowl' - Hussain's coin toss horror-show". www.sportskeeda.com . Retrieved 2 December 2020.
- ^ "Fastest delivery of a cricket ball (male)". guinnessworldrecords.com.
- ^ "John Willes and his sister invent overarm bowling". Cricketweb.net. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
- ^ "MCC Laws of bowling". Cricketweb.net. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
- ^ "Overarm bowling accepted by the MCC". Cricketweb.net. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
- ^ Knight, Ben (30 January 2004). "Underarm incident was a cry for help: Greg Chappell". ABC Local Radio: The World Today. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 12 August 2009.
- ^ "England v Sri Lanka: Story of day five at Lord's". Sky Sports . Retrieved 11 September 2020.
Further reading [edit]
- https://www.britannica.com/sports/bowling-cricket
Posted by: corinenuffere0206947.blogspot.com
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_%28cricket%29